Convergence of tissue engineering and in vitro biofilm models

This figure, adapted from Figure 3 of the article "In vitro models for studying implant-associated biofilms - A review from the perspective of bioengineering 3D microenvironments," illustrates the evolution of in vitro tissue models (top) and biofilm models (bottom). Tissue models have progressed from 2D cultures to 3D organoids and hydrogels, while biofilm models evolved from broth cultures to 3D matrices, advancing research into biofilm-tissue-implant interactions.

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