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Description: This template was adapted from the original submission. Edits were made to enhance scientific accuracy, optimal usability and/or to meet industry-leading design standards for science communication.
In osteoarthritis (OA)14-3-3ε acts as an alarmin, an endogenous molecule released in response to different types of damage that binds to pattern recognition receptors (PRR) of different cells and that can drive an inflammatory or regenerative response. As a result, alarmins can polarise cells such as macrophages and fibroblasts and increase the production of proinflammatory mediators and metalloproteases, which lead to cartilage destruction and joint damage, therefore sustaining inflammation and OA pathology.