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Roles of Astrocytes and Microglia in Neurodegeneration
Creator
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Description
Danger signals or invading pathogens activate microglia to release proinflammatory cytokines, which act on astrocytes, which in turn are activated to release proinflammatory cytokines. The activated astrocytes and microglia cooperate and generate proinflammatory cytokines as well as reactive nitrogen species (RNS). RNS is generated by induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which produces nitric oxide (NO). NO and its highly reactive product peroxynitrite (ONOO), which can damage neurons. Neurotoxicity may also be induced by activation of N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. In addition, activation of the p53 and p65 pathways may induce apoptosis. Proinflammatory cytokines ard reactive nitrogen species (RNS) could damage the blood brain barrier (BBB) and cause infiltration of neutrophils and leukocytes.
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