NTDs have been reported to suppress (black arrow) progesterone, Estradiol (in some cases) Anti-oxidants and Thyroxine. On the other hand, although NTDs may m` elicit increased (brown arrow) Estradiol, Luteinizing hormone, Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Cortisol, Oxidative Stress and Cytokines, they also induce reproductive health complications, pregnancy outcome, maternal health issues and general health effects.
